TNF and neoplasm: Nevertheless, given that accumulated evidences suggest that genes involved in inflammatory responses, such as IL-6 and TNFα [66], may play decisive roles in tumor initiation and development [67], [68], the similar dysregulation pattern of many inflammatory genes in UC and CRC, including genes involved in cell proliferation and regeneration which are required for tumor initiation and development [41], indicated that these genes are likely to play roles in promoting the transition from UC to CAC.