The SNPs rs4905179 (associated with emphysema in smokers [13]) and rs3748312 (associated with cross-sectional lung function among ever smokers [14]) were strongly associated with AAT in our study (Tables 1 and 4), but both signals disappeared upon adjustment for the low-frequent variants PI S and Z. In order to clarify whether the association of the two common SNPs with pulmonary health could also be explained by effects of the rarer SNPs, we conducted a meta-analysis for cross-sectional lung function in ever-smokers across 17 studies with a total sample size of N = 24,446 (Table S2). The gene discussed is SERPINA1; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.