It is possible that the E−/B48 lipoproteins deposited in the arterial wall induce eIF-2α phosphorylation, which downregulates lysosomal hydrolases, such as LAL, in the resident macrophages, and therefore reduces the degradation of E−/B48 lipoproteins leading to intralysosomal E−/B48 lipoprotein accumulation and resulting in foam cell formation and atherosclerosis development. Here, EIF2A is linked to atherosclerosis.