TGF-β potently inhibits epithelial cell proliferation [231], but also the tumour suppressor action of TGF-β can be mediated by signalling in tumour stromal fibroblasts, by inhibiting stromal uPA production, reducing local uPA production, cell motility, and uPA protection of cell apoptosis and uPA-induced angiogenesis [227], which might also contribute to TGF-β suppressor effects. This evidence concerns the gene PLAU and neoplasm.