The perfusion effect is more efficient at allowing nutrients and oxygen to enter and catabolites to exit in crowded tissues, and the paracrine effect results from the production of growth factors (e.g., bFGF, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF)) by ECs or their release by macrophages and other host cells that are delivered to the tumor by blood vessels. Here, FGF2 is linked to neoplasm.