AR and posterior cortical atrophy: Interestingly, increased CCL2 and PCa metastasis was observed in TRAMP mice with AR ablation in either prostate epithelial cells or macrophages (Niu et al, 2008), supporting that CCL2 expression triggered by AR silencing in either cell type could be an initiating signal for later activation of the CCL2/STAT3/EMT signalling pathways.