Consistent with this study, our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrated that targeting AR via siAR in PCa cells reduced PIAS3 expression that could possibly result in STAT3 activation-induced CCL2 expression, which might represent a key step to increase macrophage recruitment, as well as promote further STAT3 activation and EMT in PCa cells that ultimately enhanced PCa invasion at later stages. The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.