To determine whether the AR silencing-induced CCL2 expression in THP-1 cells could be further augmented during co-culture with other PCa cells (C4-2, LNCaP and LAPC4), we carried out quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and found CCL2 expression levels in THP-1 siAR cells were increased during co-culture with PCa cells (Fig 2A, left). Here, AR is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.