Our laboratory has established the anti-proliferative action of ESE-16 at nanomolar concentrations in cell lines including MCF-7 breast cancer cells (estrogen-receptor positive), metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, non-tumorigenic MCF-12A breast cells and SNO non-keratinizing squamous epithelium cancer [33]. Here, ESR1 is linked to breast carcinoma.