IGF1 and prostate carcinoma: Consistent with this notion, lycopene has been shown to inhibit IGF-1-induced prostate cancer growth by reducing AR (retinoic acid) and β-catenin, inhibiting the effects of IGF-1 on the phosphorylation of AKT and GSK3β [103] and inhibiting angiogenesis by decreasing VEGF and EGF levels in nude mice that were xenotransplanted with PC-3 cells [104].