AKT1 and lung carcinoma: This study suggested that IGFBP3 might inhibit both the PI3K/AKT/PKB and the Ras/Raf/MAP kinase signalling pathways in lung cancer cells, as PI3K mediates the phosphorylation of BAD on serine136 and MAPK mediates the phosphorylation of BAD on serine112 [43].