TNF and macrophage activation syndrome: In contrast to other forms of HLH, in MAS, cytopenias may be less severe initially, severe cardiac impairment appears to be common and coagulopathy is more pronounced, the C-reactive protein tend to be higher and when the cytokine profile is compared, the pro-inflammatory IL-β is elevated and the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α tend to be higher [61].