HBZ and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: The resulting dysregulated pathways suggest that HBZ expression might play a central role in the development of ATLL and HAM/TSP through these altered transcription factors (Mesnard et al., 2006; Satou et al., 2006, 2011; Arnold et al., 2008; Zhi et al., 2011; Sugata et al., 2012).