More recent evidence has also permitted to suggest mechanisms by which HBZ could be implicated in ATLL, such as its induction of hTERT expression via a Sp1-dependent mechanism (Kuhlmann et al., 2007), its interaction with ATF-3 to suppress the ATF-3-induced p53 transcription activity stimulation (Hagiya et al., 2011), and the inhibition of p300/CBP acetyl transferase activity (Wurm et al., 2012). Here, ATF3 is linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.