For example, in antibody-mediated autoimmune glomerulonephritis, renal injury, glomerular macrophage accumulation and the urinary excretion of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was attenuated by P2X7 deficiency (in mice) or by administration of a P2X7 antagonist (A-438079) (in rats) (Taylor et al., 2009) Similarly, in a murine model of renal interstitial fibrosis (unilateral ureteral obstruction), interstitial macrophage and myofibroblast accumulation, interstitial fibrosis and tubular cell apoptosis was also attenuated by P2X7 deficiency (Goncalves et al., 2006). This evidence concerns the gene P2RX7 and Ureteral obstruction.