IL18 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In humans, elevated levels of circulating IL-18 in patients with type 2 diabetes have been demonstrated (114), along with a suppressive effect of calorie restriction and resulting weight loss on the reduced expression of adipose NLRP3 in type 2 diabetes (111), and marked reduction of both adipose and liver expression of IL-1β in morbidly obese subjects by laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery (114).