REN and chronic kidney disease: In this study, we compared the therapeutic effects of L/N-type CCB cilnidipine with other CCBs on the ambulatory BP and HR profile and on cardiorenal function in hypertensive CKD patients who had already received antihypertensive therapy comprised of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (angiotensin receptor blockers, ARBs; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ACEIs; and/or direct renin inhibitor, DRI) and a CCB other than cilnidipine.