TGFA and neoplasm: Inactivation of VHL results in HIF stabilization and the activation of transcription of over 60 hypoxia-responsive genes involved in oncogenesis and tumor progression including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) among others [9,10].