MMP9 and neoplasm: Table 2 presents a review of these literatures [4, 12, 13, 19–25]. Many investigators have evaluated the expression of Ki-67 as a biomarker of cell proliferation activity in CCOT and GCOC. In almost all literatures ki-67 expression was weak in CCOT but strong in GCOC [4, 12, 19–21]. In addition, MMP-9, as a biomarker of tumor invasion [19–22], and TIMP-1 [22] were more strongly expressed in GCOC than CCOT. In addition, strong expression of p53 in GCOC has been observed in some literatures [4, 24].