Therefore, the purpose of this study was (1) to determine the relationship between total plasma adiponectin concentrations and parameters associated with the MS: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, blood pressure levels, fasting glucose levels, and insulin sensitivity, (2) to determine the relationship between adiponectin concentrations and MS prevalence, and (3) to evaluate the possible pathophysiological role of adiponectin in MS development in T1DM patients defined according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. This evidence concerns the gene ADIPOQ and diabetes mellitus.