Most recently, Bracke et al. [90] showed that both mRNA and protein levels of CXCL13 were increased in lungs of CS-exposed mice and patients with COPD, and prophylactic and therapeutic administration of anti-CXCL13 antibodies completely prevented the CS-induced formation of pulmonary lymphoid follicles in mice. Here, CXCL13 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.