TGF-β promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a latent developmental process, which is reactivated in cancer tissues.5, 6 During EMT, genes encoding epithelial proteins, such as the junction proteins E-cadherin and coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) are inactivated. This evidence concerns the gene CDH1 and neoplasm.