Whether the expression of this limited set of insect immunity genes can confer protection against pathogens other than bacteria [25] is not clear, although the Toll pathway participates in dengue virus control [26] and the Imd, Toll, opsonisation and melanisation pathways assist in Plasmodium control [18], [27], [28], [29], [30]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and dengue disease.