TNF and hyperuricemia: After adjusting for a history of CVD, hypertension, current smoking, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, hsCRP, IL-6 and IL-1β levels, age (P<0.001), male (P = 0.043), diabetes (P = 0.041), a history of CKD (P<0.001), hyperuricemia (P = 0.021), and TNF-α levels (P = 0.025) were independent risk factors for CKD.