MYD88 and in situ carcinoma: Since the in vitro studies had demonstrated an upregulation of TLR7 and MyD88 protein expression by interferon-β in pDCs, we determined the expression levels of these proteins in pDCs of 9 untreated, 7 interferon-β-, and 7 glatiramer acetate-treated patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or RRMS (see Table 1 for patient details) by flow cytometry.