SIGIRR and colitis: While it is unclear why IEC play such a limited role in driving MyD88 dependent responses to C. rodentium infection and other forms of colitis [23], [24], [25], we recently showed that SIGIRR, a negative regulator of TLR and IL-1R signaling, is expressed by IEC and limits their responses to IL-1β and to most bacterial PAMPs [20].