PTEN and thyroid gland disorder: Previous studies have reported that aberrant hypermethylation at various genes is associated with thyroid malignancy, including genes involved in the control of cell proliferation and invasion, such as p16INK4A (21), Rassf1A (22), PTEN (23), Rap1GAP (24), TIMP3, RAR-b2, DAPK (15,16,25), CDH1 (26,27), TGFb and CITED1 (28), as well as genes specific to thyroid differentiation, such as Na+/I− symporter (NIS), TSH receptor, pendrin, SL5A8 (29,30) and TTF-1 (31), as reviewed by Catalano et al (32).