ACEI, angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; BSI, bloodstream infection; CMS, colistin methanesulfate; CVC, central venous catheter; NAs, other nephrotoxic antibiotics (aminoglycosides, glycopeptides); NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SAPS II, Simplified Acute Physiology Score Two (calculated 24 h after ICU admission); VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is ventilator-associated pneumonia.