A variety of other adjunctive treatments aimed at reducing mortality from severe malaria have been evaluated in clinical trials without showing evidence of benefit, including adrenaline [35], anti–tumor necrosis factor antibody [36], aspirin [37], dexamethasone [38], heparin [37], human albumin [39], intravenous immunoglobulin [40], iron chelators [41, 42], low-molecular-weight dextran [43], mannitol [44, 45], N-acetylcysteine [46], phenobarbitone [47], and ursodeoxycholic acid [48]. Here, TNF is linked to malaria.