It is also interesting to note that, while there is evidence that circulating PEDF levels are higher in men than in women [12,17,41,42], and despite the higher TT found in our patients with PCOS as compared with control women, the testosterone-independent association between PEDF and insulin levels observed herein suggests that androgen excess does not play an essential role in PEDF circulating levels. This evidence concerns the gene INS and hyperandrogenism.