INS and polycystic ovary syndrome: It is also interesting to note that, while there is evidence that circulating PEDF levels are higher in men than in women [12,17,41,42], and despite the higher TT found in our patients with PCOS as compared with control women, the testosterone-independent association between PEDF and insulin levels observed herein suggests that androgen excess does not play an essential role in PEDF circulating levels.