NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: Consistent with cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy, cross sectional areas of cardiomyocytes were significantly elevated in the MenaGT/GTVASP−/− animals (Figure 4G) as were mRNA levels of the cardiac hypertrophy markers; β-myosin heavy chain and atrial natriuretic peptide, and the fibrosis markers; α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I and collagen III (Figure 4H).