APP and Alzheimer disease: Thus, in addition to the altered processing of APP and other risk factors (e.g., inflammation, metal-catalyzed oxidative stress [3], [14], [15], [16], and the increased levels of apolipoprotein-E [17], [18] and α-1 anti-chymotrypsin (ACT) [19]), simple elevation of APP levels is a sufficient genetic cause of DS and AD [12], [20].