TLR3 and glomerulonephritis: Further, viral nucleic acids occur in formats other than dsRNA, such as 5′-triphosphate RNA (3P-RNA) can activate murine MCs via TLR3-independent RIG-I pathways, suggesting complexed 3P-RNA and dsRNA trigger antiviral responses via both TLR3-dependent and independent pathways in MCs, which may promote glomerulonephritis, although the role of RIG-I in innate pathogen recognition can vary between cell types and species [23].