CCL2 and anogenital human papillomavirus infection: Nonetheless, the impairment of IL-1β release in immortalized cells and its transcriptional inactivation in malignant cells and genital warts (Fig. S4B) is obviously advantageous, since it also interrupts the well-known regulatory circuit in stimulating the expression of MCP-1 [71], [72], a chemokine, attracting cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and activating them to release growth-inhibitory cytokines [73], [74].