In contrast to IFN-α, massive numbers of TNF-α-producing cells were present in lymph nodes at both day 14 and 56 post infection, regardless of TLR7 and TLR9 blockade, with 25 to 30% of all cells in the paracortex and parafollicular cortex expressing this cytokine (Fig. 6B,C). Here, TLR7 is linked to infection.