TP53 and neoplasm: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene and encodes a protein that promotes DNA repair (7, 10); MDM2 is a protein that inactivates p53 by binding to both the wild-type p53 and the mutated p53 protein (30, 31); and p21 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKi) induced by p53, which when overexpressed triggers cell cycle arrest in proliferating cells (10).