KLF4 and urinary bladder cancer: KLF4 has been shown in a context-dependent manner to be an oncogene or tumor suppressor [3], as respectively demonstrated by the high levels of KLF4 in primary breast ductal carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma [4,5] and decreased levels of KLF4 in a variety of other human cancers including esophageal, gastric, bladder, pancreatic, colorectal, lung and urinary bladder cancers [6-14].