Factors implicated in cell adhesion and migration of PCa cells include E-selectin and sialylated glycoconjugates, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), αvβ3, α2β1, α4β6 and α4β1 integrins, cadherin-11 as well as extracellular matrix proteins (osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and fibronectin) and the CXCL13–CXCR5 axis (Jin et al. 2011). Here, VCAM1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.