HPSE and carcinoma: These include carcinomas of the colon,17,18 thyroid,19 liver,20 pancreas,21,22 bladder,23,24 cervix,25 breast,26 gastric,27,28 prostate,29 head and neck,30,31 as well as multiple myeloma,32 leukemia, and lymphoma.33 In most cases, elevated levels of heparanase were detected in about 50% of the tumor specimens, with a higher incidence in pancreatic (78%) and gastric (80%) carcinomas, and in multiple myeloma (86%).