CCN2 has been reported to regulate TGFβ superfamily signalling in various contexts including renal mesangial/epithelial cell dysfunction [12,13] and DN [14]; coordinate expression of TGFβ and CCN2 has been demonstrated in glomerulonephritis and DN [15] and the cooperative nature of TGFβ and CCN2 in the promotion of fibrosis in animal models has been established [16]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to glomerulonephritis.