TNF and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes increased the levels of genes involved in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation, which was statistically significant for catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX-1), 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) (Table 1).