In addition, the serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels were increased in atherosclerosis rabbits, and kaempferol groups showed lower TNF-α and IL-1β levels, indicating that the down-regulation of E-sel, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 might be mediated by the reducing of TNF-α and IL-1β. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and atherosclerosis.