CS has also been associated with alteration of newborn hormonal milieu, characterized by, for example, lower concentrations of plasma leptin and ghrelin in human newborns and other orexigenic peptides in animal models, which are related to post partum appetite control and have been reported to be associated with an increased risk for later obesity [23,30,36]. Here, GHRL is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.