In further work by Vähäkangas et al. [57], analysis of 126 lung cancers (including adeno, broncho-aleveolar, squamous, small cell and mixed carcinomas) from ex-smoking (n = 9) and non-smoking (n = 117) women, aged between 41 and 84 at the time of diagnosis, demonstrated a higher TP53 mutation frequency in ex-smokers (67%) than in non-smokers (19%), which, as the authors suggest, is due to the persistence of molecular damage even 15 years after smoking cessation. This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and lung carcinoma.