Thus in several viral infection models, as well as in secondary responses to tumors it appears that TNFR2 is contributing to CD8 T cell contraction [16,18–20,44]; whereas with model antigens as well as during primary Listeria infection [13–15], TNFR2 appears to play a prosurvival role. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1B and listeriosis.