CCL2 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: To test the consistency of our observation that MCP-1 was significantly elevated in HCC patients, we evaluated serum MCP-1 levels in an independent cohort of Indonesian patient samples consisting of sera obtained from 98 HCC patients, 101 chronic hepatitis B patients with evidence of transaminitis (CH group) and 100 non-HCC HBV/HCV carriers (AC grouop).