CCL2 and hepatocellular carcinoma: At the optimum cut-off P-value of ≥0.29 (such as at cut-off values of 4 ng/ml AFP +0.4 ng/ml MCP-1), the proposed AFP+MCP-1 model achieved a more favourable 94.1% sensitivity compared to AFP alone’s 89.9% at the same 92.7% specificity for HCC detection.