AFP and chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Following our identification of the AFP+MCP-1 model, we proceed to confirm our observation of significantly elevated serum MCP-1 level in HCC patients by performing sandwich ELISA analysis of serum MCP-1 levels in a separate and independent cohort of Indonesian patients from MRIN that included 98 patients with HCC, 101 patients with chronic hepatitis B or C, and 100 asymptomatic HBV/HCV carriers.