In this regard, transplantation of IR-overexpressing β-cells will be a promising potential tool for the treatment of insulin-dependent DM rather than insulin drug, islet transplantation, xenotransplantation and stem cell technology because these therapeutic approaches have their own limitations, such as weight gain, hypoglycemia, the limited donor supply, immune rejection, tumor formation, and ethical issues [46]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is substance dependence.