However, in skin with a defective cutaneous barrier, such as atopic dermatitis-affected skin, or with rupture of intra-epidermal eccrine ducts, as occurs in miliaria, sweat cytokines, such as IL-1 and IL-31, can directly activate epidermal keratinocytes, inducing the production of inflammatory cytokines and other immune-related molecules to stimulate or exacerbate skin inflammation. Here, IL31 is linked to atopic eczema.