INS and Insulin resistance: Common indexes of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were used: homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance [19] (HOMA-IR: {fasting insulin [microU/mL] * fasting glucose [mmol/L]}/22.5), HOMA of beta-cell function (HOMA beta-cell% = [20 * fasting insulin]/[glucose (mmol/L) - 3.5]), insulin sensitivity index (ISI: 22.5/(fasting insulin [microU/mL]*fasting glucose [mmol/L]), and the 1/fasting insulin index.