Other genes that have been identified in the sputum with aberrant methylation associated with increased risk for lung cancer include ASC/TMS1 (increased odds in cancer patients from 7.2 to 28.6) [62], GATA4, GATA5 and PAX5β (6.5-fold increase in cancer risk with methylation of three or more genes) [63]. Here, GATA4 is linked to cancer.