In the second to the last decade of the century, microglia were shown to be a primary source of the pluripotent immune cytokine IL-1, and this together with the astrocyte-derived neuritogenic cytokine S100B, were held to be responsible for neuroinflammatory responses in very early stages of the development of DS, and by analogy, perhaps in AD [17]. Here, S100B is linked to Alzheimer disease.