Using a number of approaches that include anti-TGF-β antibodies, soluble receptors, or TGF-β-binding proteins[6,17], investigators have consistently reported that blockade of TGF-β is therapeutically useful in a number of murine tumor systems, including renal cell cancer[18], melanoma[19], hepatocellular carcinoma[20], and glioma[21]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and renal cell adenocarcinoma.