In addition, Kim et al. reported that combined use of ATO and itraconazole, a commonly used antifungal that inhibits SMO by a mechanism distinct from that of cyclopamine and other known SMO antagonists, decreases the dose of ATO and itraconazol required to prevent medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma growth associated with acquired resistance to SMO antagonists [24]. This evidence concerns the gene SMO and medulloblastoma.