AKT1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Several PKIs, identified from these screening efforts, have been further characterized: (1) blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway by ZSTK474 enhances antitumour effect of GEM by inhibiting GEM-induced increase in phospho-AKT and phospho-Bad in human pancreatic cancer Colo-357 and BxPC-3 cell lines [9]; (2) TGFβ receptor I (TβR1) inhibitors, SB431542 and SB525334, sensitize both parental- and GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer cells to GEM by inhibiting activated AKT [10].